Annex 1
Checklist for analysis of media sector and audience (all six segments)
1. Individual journalists
| Characteristics of journalists and reporters (number, level of education both general and journalistic, professional skills, access to employment, specialisation, gender, income; social background, ethnic/cultural background, languages, multimedia skills) Existing role models and public figures
| 2. Media outlets
| - Number and character of existing media (newspaper, magazines, TV, private, public service or state, radio stations, websites)
Working issues
- Editorial work-flow, working conditions for women and men, editorial/ethical policy
- Influence of owner
- Independence from government
- Security and safety
- Autonomy of reporters/editors
- Infrastructure (technical equipment, IT, electricity, paper)
Media output: quality/objectivity- Range of opinions published, topics (diversity, priorities)
- Quality of content (accuracy, impartiality and responsibility in the public interest, level of professionalism,
- diversity of sources, gender-balanced programming)
- Journalism concept (appropriateness of concept, use of information sources)
- Relevance (for elites, for poor people, urban/rural, young/old, for women and men)
| 3. Media institutions
| - Existence and importance of education and training institutions
- Existence and importance of professional associations, accreditation processes (press cards?)
- Existence of ombudsmen, press councils
- Media research institutes and médiamétrie
- Performance of regulatory bodies
| 4. Economic and technological factors
| - Level of technical media infrastructure (outreach)
- Level of technical internet infrastructure (satellite, fiber, distribution)
- Level of power and electricity availability
- Structure of ownership (private/commercial, state/government owned, public, non-profit), media concentration, affiliation
- Competition/monopolies in printing, distribution, advertising, etc.
- Sources of revenue: subscription and advertisement markets, hidden advertising, public support, institutional communication opportunities
| 5. Political and legal environment, and safety
| - Existence and quality of legislation on: freedom of expression, mass media, public broadcasting, regulatory bodies, licenses, censorship, libel and slander, copyright, etc.
- Legislation on access to information by government or other public bodies
- Gender balance in all entities that consider media policy
- Performance of law enforcement, judiciary system
- Existence and activities of regulating bodies, advisory and complaints councils (accountability, appointment/constitution)
- Government’s attitude towards freedom of expression (pressure, repression)
- Government‘s accountability
- Level of threats and pressure against media and journalists
- Status of impunity re: crimes against journalists
| 6. Societal beliefs
| - Role of the media in society
- Identification of taboo themes
- Readiness for open discussion and public discourse
- Structure of communication in society
| Audience
| - Size and profile of readership/audience (TV, radio, newspapers, websites)
- Number of accounts in social media (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, WhatsApp, etc.)
- Outreach of different media to the general public and different sub-groups
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Proposed indicators for monitoring and evaluation
Media segment
| Possible indicators (qualitative and quantitative)
| 1. Individual journalists
| - Number of journalists and other media professionals at all levels to upgrade their essential disciplinary knowledge and skills in multi-media production, coverage of specific topics, use of local languages and appropriate technologies
- Number of media managers accessing appropriate training
- Access to training programmes by women and marginalised groups
- Level of participants’ satisfaction with the training
- Quality (relevance, professionalism, accuracy) of the media productions after the training, and over time
| 2. Media outlets
| - Qualitative and quantitative changes in terms of content production and broadcasting (e.g. balance and diversity of viewpoints, topics covered, multi-media production, use of local languages, etc.)
- Composition and diversity of the editorial and management staff
- Existence, quality and use of written editorial guidelines, clear codes of ethics and other internal documentation
- Transparency and composition of the governance of the media house
- Transparency and pluralism of revenue sources
- Engagement with the public and CSOs, consultation and complaints mechanisms, use of audience surveys and listener
| 3. Media institutions
| - Existence and activity of independent press council and journalist associations, ombudsmen, etc.
- Number of public complaints about media conduct and evidence of media responsiveness
- Existence and activity of media training and research institutions, number of journalists trained
- Evidence of audience research activity by the media sector
- CSOs monitoring media content and ownership in the interests of promoting pluralism and diversity
- CSOs actively monitoring and promoting freedom of expression, right to information, journalism safety
| 4. Economic and technological factors
| - Income level of journalists and other media staff
- % of advertisement revenues and distribution
- Level of concentration/pluralism in media ownership
- Level of access to ICTs and internet penetration within the population, including the most marginalised groups
- Technical quality of the production and broadcasting facilities
- Technical quality and presence of cell-phone networks nationally
- Technical quality and accessibility of internet distribution nationally
- Level of equipment with appropriate technical facilities to reach marginalised communities in community media
- Level of public funding for the public service media
| 5. Political and legal environment, and safety
| - Number of decision-makers trained on the role and understanding of media
- Level of government acceptance and proactivity to respond to international reviews and reports on the media sector
- Legal guarantees on freedom of expression, access to information and freedom of the media, and ratification of relevant international treaties
- Number of adopted and implemented constitutional, statutory and/or policy guarantees for public access to information (SDG indicator 16.10.2)
- Existence of a state plan for frequencies’ allocations (DVB-T, TV, FM) promoting the public interest, the diversity of ownership and content
- Level of performance of law enforcement, independence of judiciary system
- Level of knowledge of lawyers, judges and regulatory bodies and law students on the legal frameworks and remedies in ensuring freedom of the media
- Number of threats and attacks against journalists, numbers of journalists unlawfully detained
- Number of verified cases of killing, kidnapping, enforced disappearance, arbitrary detention and torture of journalists, associated media personnel, trade unionists and human rights advocates in the previous 12 months (SDG indicator 16.10.1. For additional safety indicators, see UNESCO’s journalists’ safety indicators)
| 6. Societal beliefs and cultural factors
| - Regular publication of data to assess the role that society attributes to the media
- Level of trust in the media
- Belief in the value of dialogue within the population to seek consensual solutions to grievances, level of understanding and tolerance vis-à-vis antagonist groups
- Level of polarisation within society
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